TrustChain: A trust-in-service (TaaS) agreement that empowers a centralized service economy

2025/11/28 00:43
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TrustChain: A trust-in-service (TaaS) agreement that empowers a centralized service economy

by 0xwilsonwu

 

Summary

Block-chain technology has succeeded in debroming financial institutions, creating a decentrized paradigm of value transfer. However, it has fundamentally failed to promote real world services and digital commodity exchanges in an environment of mistrust. The current Web3 technology warehouse operates under a hidden presumption of pre-existing trust between trading parties and focuses only on preventing double payments, not on ensuring service delivery. Attempts to address this gap, for exampleX402COMBINING REPUTATION SYSTEMS (E.G. ERC-804), DUE TO INHERENT LIMITATIONS OF REPUTATION ACCUMULATION AND LACK OF ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS, HAS PROVED INSUFFICIENT TO GUARANTEE THE SECURITY OF HIGH-VALUE OR ONE-TIME TRANSACTIONS。

This white paper presentsTrust ChainAn innovative block chain structure that willTrust as-a-service, TaasLayers are embedded directly into the core infrastructure of the agreement. By introducing typed trade envelopes and parallel execution environments, Trustchain provides an optional, atom-based hosting mechanism that binds funds transfers to encrypted certified service delivery certificates. We made a proposalPlugable VerifiersThe modularization framework - ranging from a hardware-based, credible implementation environment (TEE) to a decentralised predictor machine - is supported by an incentive-compatible encryption economy model. Trust Chain aims to bridge the critical “trust gap” in Web3 by unlocking a trillion-dollar decentrized services economy, similar to the role played by the traditional payment gateway in Web2。

Introduction

1.1 Web3 Outstanding Commitments

The first decade of block chain innovation was dominated by the financialization of digital assets. Agreements such as Bitcoin and the Ether Workshop have dealt with decentrized value transfer in an excellent manner, effectively serving as a global, anti-censorship clearing house. In Alice's standard transaction of sending 100 USDTs to Bob, the role of the block chain is strictly limited to verifying Alice's ownership of funds and the unmistakable recording of changes in status。

It is essential that this model operates under a major assumption:Alice trusted Bob。They may know each other under the chain, or the transaction may be a simple atom exchange of assets on the chain. The agreement itself does not care whether Bob actually delivers real world services, digital products or under-chain calculations to which he has committed in exchange for money。

1.2 “The confidence gap” and the failure of existing programmes

In a global, pseudonymized market, this confidence assumption breaks down. When Alice does not trust Bob to deliver services (e.g. to pay for API keys, to carry out confidential AI reasoning, or to perform a freelance job), Bob does not trust Alice to pay after delivery, business will be stalled. This is the fundamental “trust gap” that prevents Web3 from promoting the trade in big services that power the Web2 economy (currently dominated by centralized intermediaries such as PayPal and payment treasures)。

The main response of the community to this challenge will be simple payment requests (for example, throughX402) with a chain of reputation systems. While the intention was good, this approach is fundamentally flawed in promoting business in an environment of mistrust by:

  • Cold starter:Establishing reputational credit ratings is a slow and long-term process. New, honest service providers cannot prove their reliability to their initial clients。
  • Quit the trick:High reputation ratings are historical data, not future guarantees. For victims, in “one-time” high-value transactions, the reputational system cannot provide any recourse if rational actors decide to “realize” their reputation by default。

In the absence of mechanisms to guarantee delivery or enforce refunds, these solutions remain “trust-based” systems operating in a world without trust。

1.3 Trust Chain: A shift to a “untrusted” service exchange paradigm

The paper presents Trust Chain, a comprehensive architecture solution designed for mutual distrust. In our view, trust should not be an additional component of an external application layer, but an original, optional service provided by the block chain infrastructure itself。

Trust Chain introducedTrust is service (TaaS)The concept. It has restructured the bottom block chain data structure to support alternative typed hosting transactions operating in parallel, non-intrusive implementation environments. This allows users to bind payments to the atoms of verifiable service delivery conditions. TrustChain provides the basis for a truly decentralised service economy, through an integrated modular framework of plug-in certifiers and robust economic models。

2. System architecture

2.1 Design philosophy

TrustChain's structure is based on three core principles aimed at balancing security, scalability and user experience:

  • Optional:The hosting function is strictly optional. For standard asset transfers that do not require trusted services or for intelligent contracts to interact, users need not bear any additional costs or complexities。
  • Non-intrusive:The implementation of the hosting logic is linked to the key path of the main consensus. High-calculated validation missions do not reduce the volume of throughput or delay in the base block chain。
  • Modularity:Mechanisms to validate service delivery are scalable. The agreement defines the standard interface and allows a diversified market for specialized certifiers to develop without the need for upgrade at the level of the agreement。

2.2 High-level protocol structures

Trust Chain introduced a forkwork implementation model under a unified consensus mechanism:

  1. Basic Implementation Environment:A standard-status machine that handles routine transactions with high volume throughput。
  2. OrganisationA dedicated, parallel-state machine dedicated to managing the life cycle of hosting service transactions (locking funds, tracking conditions, coordination with certification machines)。

2.3 Basic data structure change: a type-based envelope paradigm

In order to enable this function without the expansion of a standard transaction or the requirement of a hard cross for each new function, Trustchain uses a typed transaction envelope。

THE UNDERLYING AGREEMENT DEFINES A GENERAL ENVELOPE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSACTIONS ACCORDING TO TYPE ID, RATHER THAN RIGID, SINGLE-BODY STRUCTURES。

< cog > > , < cog > , < cog > , < cog > , < cog > , < cog , < cog > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , < , > , > , > , < , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , , > , , > , , > , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , < = = = > > > > = > > = = = > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " > > >
 

This structure allows us to define a dedicated structure for the TaaS function (type 0x03) while keeping standard transactions (type 0x02) as they are and efficient。

TaaS hosting transaction structure (type 0x03):

<, <, >, <, <, >, <, <, >, <, <, >, >, <, >, >, <, <, >, <, >, >, <, <, >, <, <, >, <, >, <, >, >, >, <, >, <, >, <, , >, >, >, >, , >, >, , >, , , >, , , , >, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,, ,, , ,,,,,, , ,, , , , < span style="font-syze: inherit; font-family: PingFang SC, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Aral, Hiragino Sans GB, Heiti SC, Sens-serif; >VerifierFee < / spant-syle= "font-syze: inherit; font-family: PingFang SC, Helvetica Nie, Helvenica-Shalite; tt-Hunspans / t: Helt_Senia, ; tspanspans t-Shalita, t-Shalita, tspans > > >Span span stys > , >  , t-Hispans > , , nghi-Shanghi,  ConditionHash  comm.  / Includes mandatory "flause limits" to prevent congestion attacks.  

2.4 Agreement resolution and distribution

NODE PROTOCOL SOLVER RUNS AS A DISTRIBUTIONER BASED ON TYPE ID:

  • type 0x02 (standard):DIRECT ROUTE TO BASIC IMPLEMENTATION ENVIRONMENT (BEE) FOR IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL。
  • type 0x03 (hosting):Decoding asEscrowTxDataSTRUCTURE. THE NODE EXECUTES ATOMIC FUND LOCKING IN BEE AND CREATES THE CORRESPONDING HOSTING RECORD IN THE HOSTING IMPLEMENTATION ENVIRONMENT (EEE) BY WHICH THE AUTHENTICATION REQUEST IS ROUTED TO SPECIFIEDVerifierAddressI don't know。

2.5 TaaS Life cycle: optimistic implementation

TrustChain uses a two-way settlement model to balance speed and safety:

  1. (Pending):Submitted by the buyerTaaS_EscrowTxI don't know. The money (Value) is locked in atoms. EEE status becomesPENDING_DELIVIRYI don't know。
  2. Under-chain delivery:Vendors deliver services under the chain。
  3. Path A: Fast Path (client confirmed - "no Gas" settlement):
    • Mechanisms:_OTHER ORGANISERConfirmServiceI don't know. This is for the buyerZero Gas CostsYeah。
    • Submitted:The buyer transfers this digital signature to the seller (under the chain)。
    • Settlement:The seller includes this signature in itsTaaS_FulfilTxMEDIUM. EEE VALIDATES THE SIGNATURE AGAINST THE BUYER'S ADDRESS。
    • Results:FundsNowRelease. This “happy path” covers >99%, reducing network loads and costs。
  4. PATH B: SLOW PATH (PROVED AND DISPUTED):
    • IF THE BUYER DOES NOT RESPOND OR MALICIOUSLY (REFUSAL TO CONFIRM), THE SELLER SUBMITS EVIDENCE OF DELIVERY (E.G. TEE AUTHENTICATION)TaaS_FulfilTxI don't know。
    • EEE DIRECTS IT TO A SPECIFIED PLUG-IN CERTIFIER。
    • Results:Certification certificate. If true, the funds are released (net of certification fee)。
  5. End:
    • Success:UNLOCK FUNDS THROUGH PATH A OR PATH B. STATUS TOCOMPLETEDI don't know。
    • Timeout/failure:If inTimeout HighThe buyer recovered the funds without confirmation and valid proof. Status toREFUNDI don't know。

3. Plugged certifier framework

3.1 Dynamic certifier registration form

To solve the problem of route and discovery, Trust Chain used a name calledVerifier RegistryYesSystem smart contractI don't know。

  • Registration:Developers can deploy new onesVerifier Contractors(For example, a new “Kleros court bridge” or “Nvidia H100 TEE certifier”)。
  • Governance:DAO VOTED TO “WHITE LIST” OF WELL-REPUTABLE CERTIFICATION CONTRACT INTO THE REGISTRATION FORM。
  • Security:IF A PARTICULAR CERTIFIER IS FOUND TO HAVE A LOOPHOLE OR TO HAVE BEEN DESTROYED, DAO MAY SUSPEND OR REMOVE IT THROUGH A REGISTRATION FORM WITHOUT CEASING THE ENTIRE BLOCK CHAIN。

3.2 Validation challenges and hybrid approaches

The central challenge is to balance the trade-off between friction and speed. Trust Chain by useMixed validation modelTo solve this problem:

  • Optimistic level (client certificate):The main “certifier” is the client itself. If they prove that they received the service, the agreement regards it as absolute truth. This gives Web2 paid "no friction" experience。
  • Deciding layer (plugged certifier):External certifiers are called as backup mechanisms only during periods of controversy or lack of cooperation. This retains the guarantee of “no trust” and does not impose delays on each transaction。

3.3 Standard certifier interfaces

The framework relies on standardizedI don't knowINTERFACE, ALLOWING EEE TO INTERACT UNIFORMLY WITH VARIOUS CERTIFICATION MECHANISMS。

<, <, <, >, <, <, <, >, <, <, >, <, <, >, <, <, <, >, >, <, >, <, <, <, >, <, <, <, >, <, <, <, >, >, <, >, <, >, <, <, <, >, <, >, >, >, >, , >, , >, , >, , >, >, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,,,,,, , , , , , 
 

3.4 Supported certifiers achieved

This scalable framework supports a wide range of service types:

  • TEE CERTIFIER (DIGITAL GOLD STANDARD):For computing services (e.g. private AI reasoning), the seller executes the code in a credible hardware-based execution environment (e.g. Intel SGX or ARM TrustZone). TEE generates encrypted signed hardware authentication reports as irrefutable proof that the specified code is correctly executed on the real hardware. The link module validates the report。
  • Predicator certifier (connecting to the real world):FOR REAL-WORLD EVENTS (E.G. LOGISTICS API CONFIRMATION), THIS MODULE IS INTEGRATED WITH A NETWORK OF DECENTRIZERS TO BUILD UPONConditionHashObtaining and validating external data。
  • Multiple signature arbitration certifier:In the case of subjective services, the use of the back-ring mechanism requires a digital signature from a designated jury or from a centralized court (e.g. Kleros)。

4. Economic models and incentives

4.1 General

Trust Chain uses a robust encryption economy model to coordinate incentives for all participants. The system is designed to be self-sustaining and to ensure that those protecting the network receive adequate compensation and that perpetrators of malicious acts are punished。

4.2 Participants and Roles

  • Buyer:Payment for services and assurance of trust。
  • Vendor:Provision of services and income generation。
  • OrganisationProfessional network participants implementing validation logic。

Note

While an entity can operate as a base block chain consensus certifier and trustee to maximize revenue, this is a different logical role in the agreement. The custodian needs to maintain a separate pledge balance that is specifically tied to its certification function。

4.3 Cost structure: an “incentive of honesty” mechanism

Trust Chain introduced a dynamic cost model that rewards honest cooperation and punishes disputes. The buyer deposited itVerifier FeeAct as “maximum certification cost”。

SCENARIO A: FAST PATH (CLIENT CONFIRMED)

If the buyer acknowledges the receipt of the service through a fast track, no heavy certification is carried out。

  • Refunds to buyers (e.g. 80%): Verifier FeeMost of this is returned to the buyer. This creates a powerful one“An honest incentive”- Buyer has the economic incentive to quickly confirm delivery to recover the deposit。
  • Agreement income (e.g. 20%):A small portion is retained by the sovereign of the agreement for safety and development。

SCENARIO B: SLOW PATH (CONTROVERSIAL/PROVEN)

If a certifier has to intervene because of lack of confirmation:

  • Certification incentive (e.g. 80%):The full cost is paid to the certification operator to cover the cost of computing and hardware。
  • Agreement income (e.g. 20%):By agreement。
  • Buyer cost:The buyer lost the whole thingVerifier FeeRefunds, if the services were actually delivered, would penalize their lack of responsiveness。

4.4 Collateralization and forfeiture mechanisms

To ensure the integrity of the Trustee:

  • The pledge requires:In order to be eligible for the certification mission, the certifying officer must lock in large amounts of original currency as a security guarantee。
  • Conditions for forfeiture:IF THE CERTIFIER IS PROVED TO HAVE ACTED IN BAD FAITH (E.G. BY MEANS OF A CERTIFICATE OF ENCRYPTED FRAUD PROVED TO HAVE PROVEN FRAUDULENT TEE REPORTS), PART OR ALL OF THE PLEDGE TOKEN WILL BE SUMMARILY FORFEITED (DESTRUCTION OR REDISTRIBUTION). SUCH ECONOMIC PENALTIES ARE INTENDED TO OUTWEIGH ANY POTENTIAL SHORT-TERM GAINS FROM COMPLICITY。

difference between limitations and scope: “existence vs quality”

Trust ChainYesSolve what andI can'tSolve what. As shown in traditional systems (e.g. credit card non-payment or retail return policy), disputes often do not stem fromNot delivered, which results from the delivery of goods or servicesUnsatisfactoryI don't know。

5.1 objective delivery vs subjective quality

Trust Chain's structure is primarily designed to solve“The existence of services”The problem, not the problem“Quality of services”Question (is it okay。

  • TrustChain solves problems:

    • DID TEE IMPLEMENT THE CODE AND PRODUCE RESULTS(Yes/No)
    • Did the predictor confirm that the package reached the coordinates(Yes/No)
    • API RETURNED 200 OK(Yes/No)
  • Trust Chain does not solve problems (subjective assessment):

    • IS THE IMAGE CREATED BY AI PRETTY
    • Is the advice “helpful”
    • Are physical goods “good” or “refurbished goods”

5.2 Role of Artificial Arbitration

Although the core protocol focuses on encryption and objective proofPlug-in certifierThe structure allows for the return of the human loop solution (e.g. Kleros, Aragon Court) to deal with subjective disputes. However, these are higher abstractions. On the base level, TrustChain assuresProof of settlementIt eliminates the risk of non-payment or non-delivery of the counterparty, but it does not replace the need for a sub-chain reputation or a legal framework for characterization disputes。

Conclusions

The current Web3 pattern is rich in financial terms, but poor in real world services exchange mechanisms. Trust Chain by IntroductionTrust is service (TaaS)This fundamental gap is addressed as a native block chain language。

TrustChain offers an expansive, non-intrusive solution to protect untrusted transactions through the use of type envelopes to restructure bottom transaction data and implement parallel implementation environments. ModularizedPluggable certifier frameA new era of decentrization of business, in which the exchange of services can be as seamless and secure as digital assets, has been laid a solid foundation in the combination of stimulating compatible economic models。

📅Thời gian xuất bản:2025/11/28 00:43
🔄Thời gian cập nhật:2025/11/28 00:43
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